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Congress,) HOUSE OF EEPKESENTATIVES. (Document 

Session. j ( No. 197. 



COMMISSION TO ERECT SUITABLE MEMORIALS COMMEMORATING 
THE SERVICES OF THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 



COMMUNICATION 

FROM 

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

TRANSMITTING 

CORRESPONDENCE FROM THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND THE 
DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF THE BUDGET CONCERNING PRO- 
POSED LEGISLATION TO CREATE A COMMISSION TO ERECT SUIT- 
ABLE MEMORIALS COMMEMORATING THE SERVICES OF THE 
AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE, AND MAKING AN INITIAL 
APPROPRIATION THEREFOR. 



March 6, 1922. — Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered to h« 

printed' 



^^U^^"] 



The White House, 

Washington, February 23, 1922. 
The Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for the consideration 
of Congress correspondence from the Secretary of War and the 
Director of the Bureau of the Budget concerning proposed legislation 
to create a commission to erect suitable memorials commemorating 
the services of the American soldier in Europe, and making an initial 
appropriation therefor. 

The purpose of this proposed legislation and the desirability thereof 
are set forth in the letters of the Secretary of War and the Director 
of the Bureau of the Budget transmitted herewith, with whose ob- 
servations and comments thereon I concur. 
Respectfully, 

Warren G. Harding. 



y 



2 SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 

Treasury Department, 
Bureau of the Budget, 

Washington, February 23, 1922. 

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith for your consideration 
and, if it meets with your approval, for transmission to Congress a 
letter from the Secretary of War requesting legislation for the creation 
of an American battle monuments commission, to erect suitable 
memorials commemorating the services of the American soldier in 
Europe, and making an appropriation of $10,000 for the immediate 
purposes of the act. 

The purpose of this legislation is to provide for a centralized 
supervision over all markers and memorials erected in Europe 
commemorating the activities of the American military forces in 
order to prevent undue emphasis being placed upon certain actions 
or points of interest while others receive insufficient recognition, and 
also to insure proper architectural beauty, accuracy of detail, and 
the greatest amount of accurate and interesting information con- 
sistent with other requirements. 

The bill provides for a commission composed of the Secretary of 
War, chairman, one Senator, one Representative, the General of the 
Armies, the national commander of the American Legion, and one 
officer of the Regular Army who shall serve as secretary of said 
commission. It also provides that the design and material for such 
memorials as may be provided for shall be approved by the National 
Commission of Fine Arts. 

The need for such central supervision is indicated by the fact that 
American battle fields in Europe are now marked with a large number 
of markers showing the performance of but five or six American 
divisions. Most of these markers were erected by the divisions con- 
cerned before leaving France for the United States. They are mainly 
of temporary construction and with little architectural beauty. In 
no case on record were arrangements made for the use of the ground 
upon which these monuments were placed nor for the upkeep of the 
monuments themselves. In a few instances these markers give 
historical information of doubtful accuracy. Many State societies 
and individuals are making plans for the erection of monuments in 
Europe, and communications referring to these plans have reached 
the War Department from various sources. In one case a request 
for permission to contruct a monument was made direct to our 
embassy in Paris. 

In addition to the great desirability of having the battle fields in 
Europe properly and uniformly marked in commemoration of the 
activities of the American military forces during the World War, it 
seems necessary for a central and authoritatively recognized super- 
vision to assure the proper perspective in considering the real import- 
ance of the different activities and localities to be so marked not 
simply for the benefit of American tourists visiting these points but 
also for the information of Europeans. 

A tentative project for submission to this commission, if created, 
has been developed by the War Department, including four general 
classes of monuments and markers, as follows: (1) Rehef map in 
bronze; (2) outline sketch map in bronze; (3) special markers; (4) 
bronze tablets. 



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\^ SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 3 

A Should the tentative project as outHned in the War Department be 

^=^ accepted by the commission herein contemphited, it would involve 

approximately 80 relief maps, 50 outline sketch maps, 12 special 

monuments, and 10 tablets, at a total estimated cost of approxi- 

^ mately $540,000. 

> It is further estimated that this project would require about 

^ $125,000 for the first two years and that the entire project could be 
completed within five j^ears. 

It is also estimated that the annual charges for upkeep and main- 
tenance of the entire project after completion would probably amount 
to less than $5,000 per year, this maintenance and care being pro- 
vided for in conjunction with the care of American cemeteries in the 
vicinity of the monuments. 

This project appears to be a most laudable one, and if it meets 
with your approval it is recommended that it be transmitted to 
Congress for consideration in connection with the appropriations for 
the War Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923. 
Very respectfully, 

Charles G. Dawes, 
Director of the Bureau of the Budget. 
The President. 



War Department, 

Washington, Fehruary 18, 1922. 
The Director of the Bureau of the Budget, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir : I have the honor to recommend the enactment of the accom- 
panying legislation which has been drafted with a view to providing 
for the proper marking of the American battle fields in Europe and 
the coordinating of all other questions concerning war memorials 
abroad. The desirability for the early passage of this legislation will, 
it is believed, be made clear by the following survey of the situation: 

The American battle fields in Europe are now marked with a large 
number of markers showing the performance of but five or six American 
divisions. Most of these markers were erected by the divisions 
concerned before leaving France for the United States. They are 
mainly of temporary construction, with little architectural beauty, 
having been erected in most cases with facilities available in the 
division. The spirit in the divisions which caused them to erect these 
markers is to be commended. Conditions were such, however, that 
in no case on record were arrangements made for the use of the ground 
upon which they were placed or the upkeep of the monuments 
themselves. In a few instances these markers give historical infor- 
mation of doubtful accuracy. 

The objections to this present condition are evident. The markers 
being put up without permission may become an embarrassment to 
the owners of the land. As a consequence of lack of care and the 
character of the materials used in construction, poor concrete, 
exposed iron, etc., they are disintegrating. Regardless of their 
appearance they are, however, the only markers on the battle fields 
and give the impression to tourists that most of our fighting was done 
by these divisions. This impression is an unfair one from the point of 
view of the other Atnerican combat divisions which fought in Europe. 



4 SUITABLE MEMOEIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 

There is no need to emphasize the harmful effect of misleading 
historical information given on monuments such as these. 

A number of permanent monuments have been erected in France. 
No special criticism is made of these. It may be noted, however, 
that they have not always had proper supervision with respect to 
design and the historical accuracy of the inscriptions appearing on 
them. 

In addition to the monuments and markers already erected, many 
States, societies, and individuals are making plans for the erection of 
monuments in Europe. Communications referring to these plans have 
reached the War Department from various sources. In one case a 
request for permission to construct a monument was made direct to 
our emba-sy in Paris. Some States, for example, the State of 
Pennsylvania, have appointed a commission to study the battle 
fields with a view to marking the part played in the war by their 
State. Some of these commissions have communicated with the 
War Department concerning questions of procedure and cooperation. 
A number of the divisional societies have expressed their desire to 
build monuments in Europe and many have expressed the hope that 
the National Government will interest itself in the matter. Every- 
one is concerned over questions of procedure. Shall ground be 
purchased and the monument be put up without further ado ? Does 
the French Government want to approve of any phase of the pro- 
cedure I To what degree is the United States Government interested ? 
These are illustrations of the questions that are constantly being 
asked. We can expect more of this confusion in the future as pro- 
jected plans materialize. 

The question of the proper marking of our battle fields in Europe is 
a very important one. The wonderful work of our soldiers should be 
commemorated on the ground over which they fought. It is believed 
that this statement has the approval of the general public. 

There are many other reasons, in addition to the commemorative 
one, which make this marking very desirable. We would like to have 
our part in the W^orld War definitely understood not only by our 
own people but by foreigners who visit the battle fields. We would 
also like to have the part played by the divisions of our forces marked 
on the ground so that the work of each will appear in proper perspec- 
tive with respect to that of all others. From a utilitarian point of 
view the value of these markers lies in the fact that they will make 
easy the locating of places on the ground by American tourists. 
Literature describing the project will give tourists all information they 
need in planning a tour of the battle fields, and upon arrival at each 
place the markers will simplify their visit and save many hours of 
time. Students desiring to study our operations in detail on the 
ground will be greatly aided by a system of marking. From an 
international point of view these monuments, which will be scattered 
along the northeastern part of France from the North Sea to Switzer- 
land, will be very beneficial in tightening the bond of friendship 
between the United States and France. In addition to the above, 
the monuments, with their distinctive American characteristics, will 
have an inspiring effect upon our tourist similar to that of seeing an 
American flag flying over a ship in a foreign port. The idea that we 
will record by means of monuments, which will last through all ages, 
the services of American troops in Europe during the World War is 
a very fascinating one. 



SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 5 

Legislation by the National Government on this question is desir- 
able. Many reasons for this have been brought out indirectly 
in the preceding paragraphs. The question concerns the entire 
country. It is only by national legislation that all operations will 
be treated in proper perspective. Without Government marking 
of the battle fields the credit troops get in the way of memorials will 
depend not upon the importance of the work they performed but 
rather upon the wealth of their community or organization. A well- 
planned project undertaken by the National Government will insure 
historical accuracy, coordination of details, and artistic and harmo- 
nious designs. 

Time is an important element in the passage of this legislation. 
Plans are being made by individuals and associations for the erection 
of monuments to mark events which will be completely marked by 
a national project, and therefore these monuments will be unnec- 
essary if such a project is authorized. A comprehensive system of 
marking will require a number of years to complete. The battle 
areas of France are being more or less rapidly rehabilitated, and, in the 
future, the obtaining of appropriate sites for monuments will be 
increasingly difficult and costly. The exchange rate is now in our 
favor. The passing of time makes more difficult the settling of 
minor historical points which must be settled in any battle-marking 
project. To illustrate, supposing it is desired to mark the place 
where the fo'st American soldier was killed in Europe. The records 
will show the man's name, the organization to which he belonged, 
and the general locality within which he was killed. The exact spot 
is not essential in military history and therefore does not appear in 
the records. It must be obtained by correspondence with members 
of the unit suffering the casualt}^. This correspondence becomes 
increasingly difficult as the years go by. It also becomes more diffi- 
cult for individuals to recollect with accuracy such historical points. 

The above gives a general idea of the battle monument situation, 
as well as reasons which indicate that prompt action leading to the 
marking of our battle fields in Europe is desirable. Additional 
remarks concerning the details of the proposed legislation are given 
below: 

Section 1, in addition to other points, provides a commission to be 
in charge of the w^ork. The composition of this commission was a 
question carefully considered. It was thought it should be small in 
size so as not to be unwieldy. It was also thought that the members 
should be representative of the country at large, holders of responsible 
positions, and preferably men interested in questions concerning war 
memorials in Europe. With these qualifications in mind the com- 
mission provided in the bill was finally decided upon. The Secretary 
of War was made a member because a large part of the preparatory 
work and actual construction work can be most properly handled 
with means available in the War Department. The Army officer, as 
secretary, will be thoroughly familiar with all phases of the subject 
and can expedite the handling of business by the commission. 

Section 2 gives the commission the specific duty of making plans 
and estimates for marking and commemorating the services of the 
American forces in France, Belgium, and Italy, and to erect these 
memorials after pikoper funds are secured. It also gives them the 
duty of photographing the terrain of the various battle fields. The 



6 SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 

Signal Corps photographs are incomplete in this respect and civilians 
have recommended to the War Department that these pictures be 
taken. The work naturally fits in with that of erecting battle monu- 
ments, and for this reason it has been included in the work of the com- 
mission. This photographing should be done in the near future so 
that the battle fields will look somewhat the same as they did during 
the active operations. Section 2 also provides that the National 
Commission of Fine Arts will be supreme in all matters of design and 
material. This is considered very important. 

Section 3 needs no comment. 

Section 4 was inserted so that the commission could receive funds 
to build memorials from other sources than the National Government. 
It is improbable that this section will be used, but it may be desirable. 

Section 5 needs no comment. 

Section 6 was inserted because it is expected that replicas of certain 
features of the monuments to be erected, such as bronze relief maps, 
will be desired by States or other interested parties for use on monu- 
ments in this country or as objects of interior ornamentation. 

Section 7 is for the purpose of encouraging associations and indi- 
viduals of the United States to build their memorials in France under 
the supervision of the commission, thus insuring that they will be a 
credit to the United States and in harmony with the entire project. 
It would be highly desirable to require that all monuments erected by 
Americans be approved by the commission but it is thought that, 
under the circumstances, this can not be done. 

Sections 8, 9, and 10 need no comment. 

During the last seven months a War Department board has been 
working on the general question of the marking of American battle 
fields in Europe. Tliis board, in conjunction with the National 
Commission of Fine Arts, has outlined a project and prepared esti- 
mates for the cost of the same. They have also been carrying on 
historical research to insure that the markings involved in their 
project will be correct. The work of this board is practically com- 
pleted and their project will be ready for submission to the com- 
mission provided by this bill as soon as it is created. 

A brief outline of the project prepared by the War Department 
board, with cost estimates for the same, accompanies this letter. 
This will give an idea concerning what is involved in a complete 
project for marking our battle fields in Europe. 

The War Department will furnish any additional information 
which may be desired on this legislation. Col. John McA. Palmer, 
Infantry, A. D. C, is designated to appear and give information to 
any individuals or committees who may be appointed to consider it. 

It is requested that action on this communication be not delayed 
as legislation on the same subject is being lield in committee in Con- 
gress waiting for the recommendation or <Usapproval by the Presi- 
dent of this legislation. 
Very respectfully, 

John W. Weeks, 

Secretary of War. 



SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 7 

A BILL For the creation of an American battle monument commission to erect suitable memorials com 
memorating the services of the American soldier in Europe. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That a commission is hereby created and established, to be 
known as the American Battle Monuments Commission (hereinafter referred to as the 
commission), which shall be composed of the Secretary of War, who shall be chairman 
thereof, one Senator, who shall be appointed by the President on recommendation 
of the President of the Senate, one Representative, who shall be appointed by the 
President upon recommendation of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the 
General of the Armies of the United States, the national commander of the American 
Legion, and one officer of the Regular Army, who shall also serve as secretary of said 
commission, to be appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Sec- 
retary of War. 

The purpose for which this commission is created shall be as hereinafter stated. 

The work of the commission may be performed with such personnel of the War 
Department or of the Army of the United States as shall be designated by the Secre- 
tary of War, and the commission is authorized to employ such further personnel as 
may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this act, within the limits of any appro- 
priation or appropriations made for such purposes. 

The members of this commission shall serve without compensation, except that 
their actual expenses when on duty connected therewith may be paid from, any 
funds appropriated for the purposes of this act or acquired by other means hereinafter 
authorized. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the commission to prepare plans and estimates for 
the erection of suitable memorials to mark and commemorate the services of the 
American forces in France, Belgium, and Italy and to erect these memorials at such 
places in the said countries as the commission shall determine: Provided, That 
before any design or material for such memorials is accepted by the commission the 
said design or material shall be approved by the National Commission of Fine Arts. 

It shall be the further duty of the commission to cause such photographs to be taken 
or secured of the terrain of the various battle fields of France, Belgium, and Italy, 
upon which units of the Army of the United States were actively engaged with the 
enemy, as will constitute a complete historical photographic record of the operations 
of such units; and it shall be the duty of the commission to transmit this record, when 
completed, to the Secretary of War for permanent file with the records of the War 
Department. 

Sec. 3. The commission is authorized and directed to make the necessary arrange- 
ments, through the Department of State, with the proper authorities of the countries 
concerned, to carry out the purposes for which the commission is established. 

Sec 4. The commission is authorized to receive funds from any State, mimicipal, 
or private source for the purposes of this act, and such funds shall be disbursed by 
the Chief of Finance of the United States Army upon vouchers approved by the 
commission. 

Sec. 5. Authority is hereby given for the preparation of models and designs, or 
the fabrication of memorials, or the materials for such memorials, at arsenals, or navy 
yards, or by other govenmiental agencies, if the commission shall so determine. 

Authority is hereby given for the use of captured war material, not otherwise dis- 
posed of by congressional action, in the fabrication of memorials or the materials for 
such memorials, if the commission shall so determine. 

Sec. 6. The commission is authorized to furnish replicas of any memorial, or any 
part thereof, to States, municipalities, or interested private persons or associations, 
at actual cost, and to apply any proceeds from such sales to the purposes of this act. 

Sec. 7. The commission is authorized and directed to cooperate with American 
citizens, States, municipalities, or associations desiring to erect war memorials in 
France, Belgium, and Italy, by communicating with the appropriate authorities in 
said countries, and in such other manner as may be determined by the commission: 
Provided, That no assistance in erecting any such memorial shall be given by any 
administrative agency of the United States, unless the plan has been approved by 
the commission: Provided further. That when any war memorial shall have been 
erected and shall have received the final approval of the commission, it may be main- 
tained and. kept up in the same manner as the memorials erected by this commission. 

Sec 8. It shall be the duty of the Quartermaster General of the Army to maintain 
and keep up the memorials erected under authority of this act, and the commission 
shall advise the Quartermaster General of the location and date of completion of 
each memorial. 



8 SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 

Sec. 9. The commission shall transmit to the President of the United States annually 
on the 1st of July, a statement of all financial and other transactions of the commission 
during the preceding fiscal year. 

Sec. 10. The sum of $10,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby 
appropriated for the immediate purposes of this act. 



PROPOSED BATTLE MONUMENT PROJECT. 

[Prepared in War Department.] 

The following is a brief outline of a project for marking our battle 
fields in Europe prepared by a board of officers appointed by the 
Secretary of War on June 11, 1921 : . 

The following general principles governed the work of the board 
in the preparation of this project: 

(a) The project should be complete in itself, with all American 
operations shown in proper perspective. 

(6) All the monuments and markers involved in the project must 
fulfill the following requirements : 

1. Be so located as to mark important points in the history of our 
Army in Europe. 

2. Be in good taste, dignified, and in all respects of the highest 
standard. 

(c) The project must give information in such a way as to be easily 
understood by those unfamiliar with military history and military 
terminology. 

With these general principles in mind, the project outlined below 
was developed. 

The following classes of monuments and markers enter into the 
project: (a) Relief map in bronze; (h) outline sketch map in bronze; 
(c) special; (d) bronze tablets. 

Relief map monuments. — The idea for the relief map monuments 
originated in the American Expeditionary Forces. This idea is to 
place a relief map showing the surrounding country upon a prominent 
point of the terrian. A person looking at the relief map, which will 
also show information concerning the fighting, can look out over the 
ground and pick out on the ground the places where the various 
troops fought. This idea has met with enthusiastic approval and 
forms the basis of the project. 

The relief maps to be used will be cast in bronze and will show in 
colored enamel the daily front lines and numbers of the American 
divisions concerned. Streams will appear in blue enamel. The 
scale of the map will be 1/20,000. The relief map will have an 
appropriate border with all details of the map artistically worked 
out. 

The support for the relief map is to be a solid stone block with 
top surface somewhat larger than the relief map. The face of the 
block toward the observer will show the coat of arms of the United 
States and the words "United States of America," these to be either 
cut into the stone or in bronze. 

These monuments will be used to show operations of American 
divisions at all places where ground was either lost or gained. They 
will be placed at points which combine prominence with accessibility. 
The tentative number of these monuments is 76. 



SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 9 

Outline slcetch rnap monuments. — Outline sketch map monuments 
will be used to show front lines along which American troops trained 
or occupied sectors. These monuments will be somewhat the same 
as the relief map monuments, the main differences being an outline 
sketch in bronze in place of the relief map and a difference in size. 
One of these monuments will be erected for each division and for 
each time it occupied a portion of the front line. They will be placed 
at accessible points, perhaps near the division headquarters occupied 
at the time the division held the sector. The tentative number of 
these monuments is 50. 

Special monuments. — Special monuments of artistic design will be 
used to mark additional places of historical importance. The list of 
these monuments is at present as follows : 

Marking spot where the first American soldier was killed in Europe. 

Marking spot where the first American soldier was wounded at the 
front in Europe. 

Marking area of German raid on First Division November 3, 1917. 
During this raid th,e following happened: First American soldier was 
killed in action; first American prisoner was captured. 

Marking first sector held by an American division acting as a unit. 

Marking place where the Eleventh United States Engineers fought 
at Cambrai. 

Marking sector the Sixth United States Engineers held during 
March 21 German offensive. 

Marking important actions of the Three hundred and sixty-ninth, 
Three hundred and seventieth, Three hundred and seventy-first, and 
Three hundred and seventy-second American Regiments which 
served with the French. 

Marking a point near Casarsa, Italy, where the Three hundred and 
thirty-second United States Infantry was engaged. 

At the town of Hamel, indicating that units of the Thirty-third 
Division assisted in its capture on July 4, 1918. 

Bronze tablets. — Bronze tablets will be placed marking certain 
buildings of interest in connection with the operations of the American 
Expeditionary Forces in Europe. The list at present includes the 
following: General headquarters at Paris, 31 Rue Constantine; 
general headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, at Chaumont; 
general headquarters, services of supplies, at Tours; headquarters 
First Army, at Ligny; headquarters First Army at Souilly; head- 
quarters Second Army at Toul. 

It is proposed that information concerning each of our large 
operations, together with an index map for the relief map monu- 
ments of the operation, be located at some easily accessible place 
within the area. This is thought desirable because it is believed 
most visitors will have neither time nor money to visit more than a few 
places on each field. The present plan is to have the above informa- 
tion given on a large bronze map which will be located either in or 
very close to our permanent cemetery for the operation. These 
large maps will be worked into the design of some appropriate build- 
ing or large commemorative monu/nent. 

The project involves the preparation of appropriate pamphlets 
wnich will show the locations cf all monuments and give additional 
historical information concerning our operations. It also involves 
the complete pho^graphing of aJl oui battle fields in Europe. 



10 SUITABLE MEMORIALS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN EUROPE. 

Summary of costs. 

Cost of 80 relief map monuments $296, 080 

Cost of 50 outline sketch map monuments 85, 475 

Cost of 12 special monuments 37, 782 

Cost of 10 tablets 6, 100 

Cost of 3 large index maps 22, 650 

Cost of 50 replicas of 1/20,000 maps 17, 430 

465, 517 
Overhead and contingencies, approximately 15 per cent 69, 828 

Total 535, 345 

Cost of photographing 2, 758 

Grand total 538, 103 

Cost of items in order of importance . 

(!) Models for relief maps $28, 300 

(2) Checking up locations of monuments and photographing 10, 750 

(3) Designs of relief map and outline sketch map monuments 5, 500 

(4) Arranging for ground 35, 000 

(5) Experimental work with bronze and enamel 1, 500 

(6) Completion of relief maps and replicas 43, 730 

(7) Other designs 15, 000 

(8) Completion of relief map monuments 254, 400 

(9) Tablets 6, 710 

(10) Special monuments 25, 658 

(11) Outline sketch map monuments 91, 555 

(12) Large index maps 20, 000 

Total 538, 103 

If this project is authorized it would be desirable to have an ap- 
propriation of $124,780 for the first two years; this includes the six 
items at the top of the above list. 

It is estimated that the entire project could be completed within 
five years. 

COST OF UPKEEP OF MONUMENTS IN FRANCE. 

Assume monuments taken care of locally. 

Assume the supervision of the care of these monuments is under 
the same authority that controls the American cemetery in the 
vicinity. 

Per year. 

Care of each monument $25 

Supervision of care 5 

Upkeep per monument (estimate high if anything) 30 

For a project of 142 monuments, upkeep would be less than 
142 X 30, or $4,260 per year. 

O 



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